About Uranium-Lead Dating

Of all the isotopic dating methods in use today, the uranium-lead method is the oldest and, when done carefully, the most reliable. Unlike any other method, uranium-lead has a natural cross-check built into it that shows when nature has tampered with the evidence. Basics of Uranium-Lead Uranium comes in two common isotopes with atomic weights of 235 and 238 (well call them 235U and 238U). Both are unstable and radioactive, shedding nuclear particles in a cascade that doesnt stop until they become lead (Pb). The two cascades are different—235U becomes 207Pb and 238U becomes 206Pb. What makes this fact useful is that they occur at different rates, as expressed in their half-lives (the time it takes for half the atoms to decay). The 235U–207Pb cascade has a half-life of 704 million years and the 238U–206Pb cascade is considerably slower, with a half-life of 4.47 billion years. So when a mineral grain forms (specifically, when it first cools below its trapping temperature), it effectively sets the uranium-lead clock to zero. Lead atoms created by uranium decay are trapped in the crystal and build up in concentration with time. If nothing disturbs the grain to release any of this radiogenic lead, dating it is straightforward in concept. In a 704-million-year-old rock, 235U is at its half-life and there will be an equal number of 235U and 207Pb atoms (the Pb/U ratio is 1). In a rock twice as old there will be one 235U atom left for every three 207Pb atoms (Pb/U 3), and so forth. With 238U the Pb/U ratio grows much more slowly with age, but the idea is the same. If you took rocks of all ages and plotted their two Pb/U ratios from their two isotope pairs against each other on a graph, the points would form a beautiful line called a concordia (see the example in the right column). Zircon in Uranium-Lead Dating The favorite mineral among U-Pb daters is zircon (ZrSiO4), for several good reasons. First, its chemical structure likes uranium and hates lead. Uranium easily substitutes for zirconium while lead is strongly excluded. This means the clock is truly set at zero when zircon forms. Second, zircon has a high trapping temperature of 900Â °C. Its clock is not easily disturbed by geologic events—not erosion or consolidation into sedimentary rocks, not even moderate metamorphism. Third, zircon is widespread in igneous rocks as a primary mineral. This makes it especially valuable for dating these rocks, which have no fossils to indicate their age. Fourth, zircon is physically tough and easily separated from crushed rock samples because of its high density. Other minerals sometimes used for uranium-lead dating include monazite, titanite and two other zirconium minerals, baddeleyite and zirconolite. However, zircon is so overwhelming a favorite that geologists often just refer to zircon dating. But even the best geologic methods are imperfect. Dating a rock involves uranium-lead measurements on many zircons, then assessing the quality of the data. Some zircons are obviously disturbed and can be ignored, while other cases are harder to judge. In these cases, the concordia diagram is a valuable tool. Concordia and Discordia Consider the concordia: as zircons age, they move outward along the curve. But now imagine that some geologic event disturbs things to make the lead escape. That would take the zircons on a straight line back to zero on the concordia diagram. The straight line takes the zircons off the concordia. This is where data from many zircons is important. The disturbing event affects the zircons unequally, stripping all the lead from some, only part of it from others and leaving some untouched. The results from these zircons therefore plot along that straight line, establishing what is called a discordia. Now consider the discordia. If a 1500-million-year-old rock is disturbed to create a discordia, then is undisturbed for another billion years, the whole discordia line will migrate along the curve of the concordia, always pointing to the age of the disturbance. This means that zircon data can tell us not only when a rock formed, but also when significant events occurred during its life. The oldest zircon yet found dates from 4.4 billion years ago. With this background in the uranium-lead method, you may have a deeper appreciation of the research presented on the University of Wisconsins Earliest Piece of the Earth page, including the 2001 paper in Nature that announced the record-setting date.

Geography Facts About Ghana Essay - 1487 Words

Ghana is a country in Africa that is native to 25 million people. It is neighbored by the Ivory Coast to the West, Togo to the East and Burkina Faso to the North. It is also bordered by the Gulf of Guinea to the south. It is about the size of Oregon and it’s religions include Christianity, Islam, and other Indigenous beliefs (Bbc news, 2013). Ghana has different climates in different parts of the country. Near the coast, there are tropical forests, in the middle there is a transitional zone where it then transitions into the savannah in the north where it is dryer and only gets one rainy season versus two in the south (Encyclopedia of the nations). Their major exports are gold, cocoa, timber, and many other products. Their GDP is $40.71†¦show more content†¦Clearly, there is a problem here because men are dependent on for cash crops while women are dependent on for survival with food crops. With women having a lower percentage of education than men, this results in wo men having limited land rights so it is hard for them to make decisions and expand in their farming systems. But according to the 2010 MDP report, this gender inequality is decreasing which will result in a greater Ag GDP due to women being able to expand and make more decisions with more education (UNDP, Ghana, 2012, page 3). And being able to increase food production and yields through more education will result in less poverty and hunger in Ghana which will also contribute to the MDP goals. The population growth rate for Ghana is 2.19% with 38.7% of the population falling between zero and fourteen years of age. Therefore, the population pyramid definitely shows that Ghana has developing issues (Index mundi, 2013). Having a high birth rate and being a pre-industrialized country proves that Ghana is going through the demographic transition at a slow pace. 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Development of the communist t Essay Example For Students

Development of the communist t Essay If neither Marx or Engels never lived and written the books they did, former Soviet Union and China would probably be conducting their governmental systems in a different manner. Defined by Marx and Engels, the communist theory can be summed up in the single phrase: abolition of private property (Engels, Marx 80). Communists are distinguished by the lower working class which will rise to overthrow the higher supreme class (Engels, Marx 80). The second distinction can be found in the struggle of the proletariats against the Bourgeoisie, or the higher class (Engels, Marx 80). Marx and Engels state that society as a whole is more and more splitting up into the great hostile camps, or opposing classes; theProletariats and the Bourgeoisie (Engels, Marx 58). Political power, property so called is merely the organized power of one classoppressing another (Engels, Marx 95). Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of society; all that it does is to deprive him of t he power to subjugate the labor of others by means of such appropriation (Engels, Marx 86). Communists do not form a separate party opposed to other working class parties. There are ten measures needed to convert tocommunism (Engels, Marx 94). 1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to the public. 2. Heavy progressive income tax. 3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance. 4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels. 5. Centralizing of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national bank with a state capital. 6. Centralizing of the means of communication and transportation in the hands of the state. 7. Factories and production owned by the state and cultivation of wastelands. 8. Equal liability of all labor. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture. 9. Combining agriculture and manufacturing industries; abolition of distinction between town and country by a more equal distribution of the population. 10. Fre e education for all children in public schools. Abolition of childrens factory labor (Engels, Marx 94). According to Marx and Engels these were the ten steps to follow if you wanted your country to convert to communism. Marx and Engels had their influence in modern ideology because heads of state put their ideas into action in their own countries(Hacker 516). Words and phrases taken from Marx and Engels writings clearly constitute the ideology framework of communist power (Hacker 516). The former Soviet Union, China, and lesser communist states all claim to be guided by Marxist principles (Hacker 512). It would be wrong to say that two nineteenth century political theorists are responsible for the course of communism today. Communist leaders of the twentieth are responsible for keeping alive Marxist ideology (Hacker 516). Communist leaders have elected to utilize the books, pamphlets, letters and speeches of Marx and Engels as their official doctrine (Hacker 513). The leaders in communist states use perceptions of Marxism as merely an aid in motivating their citizens for thepursuit of political goals (Hacker 516). While Communist leaders dictate the words of Marx and Engels, they, themselves are t he ones to make and carry out plans (Hacker 516). The fact of the matter is that communist leaders are the interpreters of that Marxist ideology in their countries (Hacker 516). It has been proven that Plato had an influence on Rousseau, and Rousseau on Hugel, and Hugel on Marx and Engels (Hacker 515). The strength in an ideology is lies not only in its content of ideas but also in the spirit that moves it (Hacker 516). Obviously Marx and Engels wanted their ideas to be put to use. They condensed their theory so that their messages would move men to revolutionary activity (Hacker 515). Had a soviet power never emerged, the contribution of Marx and Engels to political theory would still be a major one (Hacker 517). In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels applied the term communism to a final stage of socialism in which allclass differences would disappear (Payne 421). They declared that the course of history was discovered by the clash of opposing forces (Payne 4 21). These forces were rooted in the economic system and the ownership of property (Payne 421). The struggle between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat would end when the socialists started a revolution and attained a full communistic government (Payne 423). If the leaders of present day communist countries and the former communist countries were not guided by the principles of Marxand Engels they operation of the countries past and present would most definitely be different. It is true that each leader runs his country his own way, but the bottom line is that the foundation of their communist rule is rooted in the works of Marx and Engels. Without these two men the entire basis of communism and communist principles would be non-existent. .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 , .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 .postImageUrl , .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 , .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0:hover , .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0:visited , .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0:active { border:0!important; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0:active , .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0 .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufad2a38ffe8a0dfc398d6b9ae61299a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Feminism Essay ThesisBIBLIOGRAPHYEngels, Friedrich, Karl Marx. The Communist Manifesto. Washington Square Press; New York: 1964. Hacker, Andrew. Political Theory: Philosophy, Ideology, Science. The Macmillian Company; New York: 1961. Heilbroner, Robert. Marxism, For and Against. W.W. Norton Company; New York: 1980. Payne, Robert. Marx. Simon and Schuster; New York: 1968.

Analysis Of Maltese Falcon Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of Maltese Falcon Essay I dont recall if Gutman said it in the movie about the Falcon being coated by lacquer to obfuscate that its really made of gold and jewels. I think it was implied that nothing is what they really seem to be. This is what I believe Dashiell Hammett was trying to communicate through his novel, The Maltese Falcon. In this paper I will write about why I believe what is Hammett trying to convey through his cast of characters. These characters are unlike the image and stereotype cast upon their roles. Sam Spade isnt exactly the typical (stereotypical?) main character or rather a detective character (I think for any main character.) By his looks/appearance, He Spade looked rather pleasantly like a blond satan; (p. 3). Suggesting he is not angelic looking like lets say Humphrey Bogard (an indication that the movie isnt true to the novel). The film ruined the ironic un-charming hero concept the novel have and so do I as one of my first example of the things-are-not-what-they-seemed-theory-for-Hammetts message.; Spade is callous, avaricious, and shares a similarity with Mike from The House of Games. Why I think Mike and Spade are similar? For one thing Brigid OShaughnessy gave Spade a talk/speech about him using her pretty much the same thing Ford asked Mike in the airport. Brigids comment (p. 211-212) Youve been playing with me? Only pretending you cared-to trap me like this? You didnt-care at all? You didnt-dont-I-love-me?; Fords You used me; speech is strikingly similar to Brigids including the reaction from Mike/Spade. The two men both refused to show sympathy and they did both had sex with their respective victims er women except Mike ends up dead and Brigid ends up in jail. Ford and Mike and Spade and Brigid share many similarities from the two women being used and the men conning these women. We know what Mike did already and Spade used his devilish charm to get Brigid to solve the case. He conned her into giving him money, win his trust, and played with her feelings. The comparison between Mike and Spade is to show that Spade is more of a con men than a detective which I hope are (usually) depicted as law-abiding, straight-arrow, gentlemen. Spade is a proto-badass character. I think Hammett is trying to convey that heroes arent always good. Brigid OShaughnessy (whom I will refer as Brigid because her last name is long) is a complex character in which that she appears to be a typical damsel-in-distress but suppose to be a beautiful and treacherous woman whose loyalties shift at the drop of a dime.; (backcover) Yet Brigid is demure and gentle throughout the novel. In the movie however she seemed blunt unlike her very shy novel counterpart. She was less shy in the movie and she said why she needed Spade and Archers help right away wereas in the novel she said Could you-? I thought-I-that is-; softly. I think due to the womens movement that happened recently then they decided to make Brigid less shy. Brigids character is unlike the usual damsel-in-distress female role though she her mannerisms is. Brigids non damsel-in-distress characteristics are subtle. Brigids treacherous acts were mentioned but she was never shown acting it outright. These acts were also vague that it barely makes you think of Brigid any less. When I re ad the book I didnt see how Brigid is treacherous. Brigid lied but that doesnt seem treacherous at all maybe because I think it was written in a way as if she is telling a tiny white lie. Her so called treachery are obfuscated by her demure mannerism as if to soften them. In the end of the novel/film when she revealed that she killed Miles she said it in a way that it was an innocent accident and goes on with her You used me; speech to make it look like the victim. Brigids lines were written in a way they it makes her look victimized and sorry that we are inclined to be sympathetic of what a tortured soul she is that we cant help but not realize that she is a manipulative witch! I must say that Brigid is a well written character. Hammettt wrote her in a way that we the reader think she is what she is: a poor victimized girl when she is really subtly manipulating our judgment of her, making us think shes innocent. Thats very treacherous!Casper Gutman is very much like Santa Claus in a way that he seems jolly and calm all the time. Gutman never lost his temper once but even if he did his face always stayed jolly. In my opinion Gutman is the protagonist of the novel/film because he is the mastermind of the whole black bird caper. He has lethal underlings: Wilmer and (perhaps) Cairo. Gutman doesnt seem like a bad guy because of the way hes portrayed as Santa-like. It seems like he is the opposite of spade. Spade is the good guy who looks bad and Gutman is a bad guy who looked nice. I think Hammett never really established whos good and bad. Gutman never threatened Spade with his life to get the falcon. Gutman hired Spade and Spade just didnt agree with them that much. So Gutman is not exactly an antagonist. I dont even think there is an antagonist who try to make the protagonists life hell except maybe Dundy. Dundy however isnt the bad guy but the guy who doesnt trust a shady character which is typical nowadays in stories with a protagonist like Spade. In conclusi on, I think Hammett wants us to realize that everything isnt black and white, there are shades of gray or so the saying goes. Not all good things are good and not all bad things are bad. Meaning we cant just based everything with stereotypes and appearances for they are deceiving. Through it all its how good or bad a person is inside that determines whether they are indeed good and bad. This however cannot be seen, youll have to know this person before you can find out. Spade seemed callous as I said but he has a devoted loyalty to Miles. He didnt show he cared for Miles but he did in theend when he put his feelings for Brigid aside to bring his partners killer to justice. Of course Spade also did this because he doesnt want to be Brigids sap but like I said nothing is clear.

Benefits from Drinking Milk Essay Example

Benefits from Drinking Milk Essay This slogan was part of an ad campaign started in 1993 up until February of this year to encourage more and more people to drink cows milk 2. For thousands of years, people have been drinking milk, and its become a sat pale in many of our diets and meals. A. For years weve poured milk into our cereal and poured glasses of milk to accompany our cookies and ores. B. Theres no denying the fact that drinking milk CAN be beneficial for your health , but recent studies have revealed that milk is not as great and healthy as this a d campaign has led people to believe. 3. Im not here to say that all dairy products should be eliminated. Milk, yogurt, a ND cheese can be very healthy when eaten in moderation, but Im here today to t ell you why you may want to cut milk from your diet if you havent already. Body 1. Milk IS nutritious and can be healthy when drunk in moderation. A. A glass of milk contains calcium, protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and many the r nutrients. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits from Drinking Milk specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits from Drinking Milk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits from Drinking Milk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One of the problems is that a glass of milk also contains pus cells, feces, and n acidic animal protein that increases calcium loss from our bones, but more on that later. Milk also contains bioengineering hormones, antibiotics, and pesticides, all of which are bad for not only us but also the environment. 2. Im sure that some of you here have probably been advised as a child to drink plenty of milk to build strong bones, and to prevent osteoporosis, which is a disease that causes bones to become weak and brittle, in the future. A. A glass of milk has 300 MGM of calcium, which means that its ideal for preventing osteoporosis, right? B. Well according to the Harvard School of Public Health, the answer is no. . Amy Llano PhD, who is the nutrition director for the Physicians Committee f or Responsible Medicine states that the countries with the highest rates of osteoporosis are the ones where people drink the most milk and have the MO SST calcium in their diets. D. The 1 2 year long Harvard Nurses Health Study discovered that those who consumed the most calcium from dairy foods broke more bones than those who rarely drank milk. . According to the American Journal of Epidemiology, consumption of dairy products was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture at an old age. The irony is that the animal protein in milk causes our bodies pH levels to become more acidic, which means that when we ingest milk, calcium is drawn out from our bones to neutralize the effects of this animal protein, and this in turn depl etes the calcium in our bones. In short, the calcium that our bones need to stay strong and healthy is used to cancel out the acidifying effects of milk. 1. Once it leaves the bones, it exits the body through urine, and the net result is a calcium deficit. 3. Research has also shown that milk increases the risk of cancer in men. A. A Harvard study has discovered that men who drank two or more glasses of ilk a day were almost twice as likely to develop prostate cancer as opposed t o those who did not drink milk at all. 4. Cows milk is the perfect drink. If you were a calf. A. Cows milk is perfectly suited for a calf and is capable of turning a pound calf into a pounded cow in just one year. Humans are the only creatures on earth who drink milk past infancy, and the only ones who drink the milk off different creature. i. The truth is that humans arent meant to drink cows milk. 1. 65% of the worlds population is lactose intolerant, and 90% Of East Asian people are lactose intolerant. Milk is generally unhealthy in and of itself . In 2010, research in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology has found that there is an association between dairy consumption and acne, and some dermatologists advise their patients to limit their dairy intake 2. Milk is referred to as liquid red meat due to the fact that its very high in saturated fat, which is associated with increased rates of heart attacks. 3. Cow milk has three times more protein than human milk, which creates disturbances in our metabolisms. A. These disturbances have detrimental consequences to the health of our bones. There are many better, healthier ways to obtain the nutrients that milk offers without the downsides. 1. Milk substitutes include almond, soy, rice, coconut and hemp milks, which can be obtained at most supermarkets. . Yogurt is healthy to eat and is much healthier than milk and you wont have to deal with any of these adverse consequences. 3. You can get plenty of calcium and nutrients from vegetables and nuts, and you wont get the gastrointestinal problems that come with drinking too much milk. Conclusion 1. All in all, while milk does have its benefits, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Adjust does not make any sense to continue drinking milk when there are man other healthier alternatives.

Sediment Core Analysis in Archaeology

Sediment Core Analysis in Archaeology Sediment cores are an extremely useful tool used in conjunction with archaeological studies. Basically, a geologist uses a long narrow metal (generally aluminum) tube to sample the soil deposits in the bottom of a lake or wetland. The soils are removed, dried, and analyzed in a laboratory. The reason sediment core analysis is interesting is because the bottoms of a lake or wetland are records of the silt and pollen and other objects and materials which have fallen into the lake over time. The lake water acts as both a sorting device and as a preservative  since the deposits fall in chronological order and (if not subject to dredging) are not normally otherwise disturbed by humans. So, a tube extended down into these sediments collects a sample of 2-5 inch diameter of undisturbed deposits which reflect changes over time. Sediment columns can be dated using AMS radiocarbon dates from tiny pieces of charcoal in the sediments. Pollen and phytoliths recovered from soils can provide data about the predominant climate; stable isotope analysis can suggest plant colony type dominance. Tiny artifacts such as micro-debitage can appear in soil columns. Identifying periods when the amount of soil deposited within a given time increases steeply can be an indication of increased erosion  after adjacent land was cleared. Sources and Studies Feller, Eric J., R. S. Anderson, and Peter A. Koehler 1997 Late Quaternary Paleoenvironments of the White River Plateau, Colorado, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research 29(1):53-62. Head, Lesley 1989 Using palaeoecology to date Aboriginal fish-traps at Lake Condah, Victoria. Archaeology in Oceania 24:110-115. Horrocks, M., et al. 2004 Microbotanical remains reveal Polynesian agriculture and mixed cropping in early New Zealand. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 131:147-157. Kelso, Gerald K. 1994 Palynology in historical rural-landscape studies: Great Meadows, Pennsylvania. American Antiquity 59(2):359-372. Londoà ±o, Ana C. 2008 Pattern and rate of erosion inferred from Inca agricultural terraces in arid southern Peru. Geomorphology 99(1-4):13-25. Lupo, Liliana C., et al. 2006 Climate and human impact during the past 2000 years as recorded in the Lagunas de Yala, Jujuy, northwestern Argentina. Quaternary International 158:30–43. Tsartsidou, Georgia, Simcha Lev-Yadun, Nikos Efstratiou, and Steve Weiner 2008 Ethnoarchaeological study of phytolith assemblages from an agro-pastoral village in Northern Greece (Sarakini): development and application of a Phytolith Difference Index. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(3):600-613.

The Technology Effects in Human Life Research Paper

The Technology Effects in Human Life - Research Paper Example The paper will focus on the impact of technology to the lives of humans. Technology has transformed the manner in which people perform their function; this has had both positive and negative impact to their lives. According to Hall (2007) has enhanced the manner in which student’s access information. The concept also has enabled the teacher- student interaction. Software development has enhanced tolls that accommodate different curriculum integrated. The technology has enhanced e-learning in that people are able to work and study at the same time. This has in essence enhanced access to information. Different search engines have made information available to different technological users. People can access information regardless of their age or financial status. The internet has increased the literacy levels of individuals by relaying information to direct users at different time. The ability of the tool to accommodate a higher number of individuals at a given period has reduced the connections within schools and other higher learning institution. Technology interacts with different age groups hence ensuring convincing to both young and old. Information seeking has been a tool utilized by different parties in designing their models and technology has enabled the part access this information. Technology has enhanced the manner in which people interact with the household spaces. The televisions, radios and mobile phones have been an effective tool as far as entertainment is concern. These tools have reduced boredom. The interactions with these gargets have reduced the need for human interaction. Technology has enhanced the manner in which people carry out their daily chores. Vacuum cleaners, dishwashers, drycleaner have enhanced the need for human labor in performing duties. This has reduced the amount spend by households in hiring helps. Technology has enhanced multitasking among individuals. People can

Strategic Management of HR 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Management of HR 2 - Essay Example Furthermore, the relationship between line management and HR departments is also becoming integral and diversified as organizations require more accountability and responsibility on the former’s part, this notion however, poses several implications for the business. The aspect of diversity and inclusivity as well as the ethical dimensions attached with the outcomes of endorsing a culture of inclusiveness suggest that organizations must work towards the establishment of effective frameworks that govern work-life policies that encourage inclusivity and also encourage HR managers to adopt the role of being catalysts of change to promote a multicultural workforce within the organization. Organizational Issues in Strategic Human Resource Management Establishing HR Systems The differentiating aspect of strategic management of human resources in comparison with human resource (HR) approaches implemented on an individual basis is the former’s specific concentration towards the establishment of human resource systems (Lepak et al., 2006) that can aid towards the achievement of organizational aims and objectives. In the organization of today, however, the establishment, development and consequent implementation of these systems faces several challenges that hamper the initiatives taken by the HR department to promote strategic readiness in the organization for the effective management of its workforce through the present business climate. Reichers and Schneider (1990) define climate as the workforce’s observation and opinion of practices, policies and processes in the organization that are formally established or informally applied within the business. Lepak et al. (2006) note that organizational climate is a highly critical variable in creating a suitable fit between the nature of the organization and the job performance of employees. Moreover, organizational climate has also been found to be an imperative factor in contributing towards the effectiv eness of the organization as a whole (Ostroff et al., 2003). HR Policy Challenges Lepak et al. (2006) argue that in enhancing the strategic readiness to manage its people, an organization must implement effective HR systems that are in turn governed by specific HR policies. These policies include: 1. Concentrating on employee expertise such as skills, education and talent 2. Concentrating on the management of worker motivation 3. Concentrating on providing workers with chances for participation within the organization thereby, promoting employee involvement The selection and implementation of the aforementioned HR systems is faced with certain organizational issues, the first of which is concerned with an accurate assessment of the expertise demanded by an organization in its workers, this view is further cemented by the notion that each HR policy sphere requires specific knowledge scales in order to help an organization to achieve its strategic objectives (Lepak et al.,

Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Netflix - Essay Example The brand took a bad hit when they increased prices the last time. 2. Netflix has made another positive step towards offering their original productions to the consumers such as â€Å"the house of cards† which has had high viewership rating which should project more segments the company can enter into. 3. The company has so far not been able to penetrate into Latin America because a great deal of the economy works on cash, with a cultural change of high acceptance and usage of debit and credit cards the brand could easily penetrate the market. 4. Netflix collects data from their subscribers, over the years this practice by other companies has received a lot of criticism. Eventually an increased regulation in this regard could result in restricting Netflix’s ability to use technology for data collection and making recommendations. Jacobs, Y. (2011). How I Predicted Netflixs Fall, And Why Its Prospects Are Getting Worse. 2013 Seeking Alpha. Retrieved http://seekingalpha.com/article/294587-how-i-predicted-netflix-s-fall-and-why-its-prospects-are-getting-worse Lawler, A. (2013). As ISPs Like Cablevision Cozy Up To Its Open Source CDN, Netflix Makes 3D And â€Å"Super HD† Video  Available. AOL Inc 2013. Retrieved http://techcrunch.com/2013/01/08/netflix-open-connect-3d-super-hd/ Steltar, B. (2012). A Turnaround at Netflix, as Its Mail Sector Shrink. 2012 The NewYork Times Company. Retrieved

Meanings of research and types of research methodologies

Meanings of research and types of research methodologies Chapter 3. Research Methodology This chapter aims to describe the research methodology used in this study. The discussion initially focuses on some of the academic aspects relevant to research and its types, whereas, subsequently, pertinent research methodology used in this study will be discussed in detail. 3.1 Meanings of Research and Types of Research Methodologies Research can be defined as â€Å"the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to understand a phenomenon† Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. (2001 cited in Williams, C. 2007). Similarly according to Oxford Dictionary ‘A search or investigation directed to the discovery of some fact by careful consideration or study of a subject; a course of critical or scientific enquiry, can be called as research. Thus, research can be argued as a systematic and well planned investigation for the purpose of exploring answers to various questions. In the same context research methodology can be defined as â€Å"the general approach the researcher takes in carrying out the research project† Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. (2001 p.14). Hence, the research methodology in the context of this study will provide a plan to investigate the given research problem within the specified frameworks.   Broadly, the commonly used approaches for research can be categorized into quantitative, qualitative and mixed methodologies (Williams, C. 2007). Researchers typically select the quantitative approach to respond to research questions requiring numerical data, the qualitative approach for research questions requiring textural data, and the mixed methods approach for research questions requiring both numerical and textural data†. A brief introduction of these methodologies is given in the following paragraphs: 3.2 Quantitative Research According to (Williams, C. 2007) the Quantitative research was emerged in or around 1250 A.D to facilitate researchers in the analysis through quantification of data. Since then the same has overwhelmingly dominated the western cultural as the most frequently used research pattern for the creation of meanings and new knowledge. In the same context (Creswell, J. 2003 p.18) states that quantitative research â€Å"employ strategies of inquiry such as experimental and surveys, and collect data on predetermined instruments that yield statistical data. The findings from quantitative research can be predictive, explanatory, and confirming. It involves the collection of data so that information can be quantified and subjected to statistical treatment in order to support or refute alternate knowledge claims†. Thus quantitative research techniques are used to gather data/information from different reliable sources, which deal with numbers, statistics, charts, graphs and tables etc. The quantitative research can of different natures. In this context according to (Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. 2001) â€Å" There are three broad classifications of quantitative research: descriptive, experimental and causal comparative†. Descriptive research involves identification of attributes of a particular phenomenon, where as experimental approach deals with investigates the treatment of an intervention into the study group and then measures the outcomes of the treatment. In comparative approach, the researcher examines the relationships between the variables. A brief comparison of distinct advantages and disadvantages of this research method is as under: Advantages and disadvantages of Quantitative research Advantages of Quantitative Research Disadvantages of Quantitative Research It is objective and can be measured so that comparisons can be made. Findings can be biased by researchers perspective. Researchers must therefore try to keep a ‘distance from their subjects they can use subjects unknown to them and should make no attempt to get to know their subjects other than to collect data from them. Methods, if explained in detail are generally very easy to replicate and so have a high reliability. Research often takes place in an unnatural setting the researchers create an artificial environment in an attempt to control all relevant variables. So, how sure can they be that the results which they obtain in the laboratory will also apply in the real world? Results can be reduced to a few numerical statistics and interpreted in a few short statements. Provides narrow, unrealistic information using measures which capture only a tiny proportion of the concept originally under study. This provokes a question of whether the research actually measures what the researcher claims it does. Hence, quantitative research has a low validity. It can provide information about program stakeholders who were overlooked initially. The results of quantitative research may be statistically significant but are often humanly insignificant. ‘Some things which are numerically precise are not true; and some things which are not numerical are true. The use of a survey instrument that collects data from all program stakeholders in the study may serve to correct the qualitative research problem of collecting data only from an elite group within the system being studies. Uses a static and rigid approach and so employs an inflexible process. Using quantitative assessment can correct for the holistic fallacy (the perception by the researcher that all aspects of a given situation are congruent, when in fact only those persons interviewed by the researcher may have held that particular view). Also the use of quantitative instruments can verify observations collected during informal field observations. Quantitative methods are simplifications of the qualitative methods and can only be meaningfully employed when qualitative methods have shown that a simplification of identified relations is possible. Research Methods (n.d) [online] Available at: http://www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.com/PDFs/200768.pdf 3.3 Qualitative research: Williams, C. (2007) describes qualitative research as â€Å"it is a holistic approach that involves discovery†. Qualitative research is also described as an unfolding model that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of detail from high involvement in the actual experiences (Creswell, J. W. 1994). Bryman, A. (2001) defines qualitative research as a â€Å"strategy that usually emphasizes words, feelings, perception, rather than quantification in the collection and analysis of data. It is intuitivist, constructionist, and interpretive, but qualitative researchers do not always subscribe to all three of these features..Qualitative Research tends to be concerned with words rather than numbers†. Several writers identified the features of qualitative research. Some of these cited in (Hoepfl, C. M. 1997) are as under: Qualitative research uses the natural setting as the source of data. The researcher acts as the â€Å"human instrument† of data collection. Qualitative researchers predominantly use inductive data analysis. Qualitative research reports are descriptive, incorporating expressive Language. Qualitative research has an interpretive character, aimed at discovering the meaning events have for the individuals who experience them, and the interpretations of those meanings by the researcher. Qualitative researchers pay attention to the idiosyncratic as well as the pervasive, seeking the uniqueness of each case. Qualitative research has an emergent (as opposed to predetermined) design, and researchers focus on this emerging process as well as the outcomes or product of the research. Qualitative research is judged using special criteria for trustworthiness. There are several different methods for conducting a qualitative research; however, Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. (2001)recommend the following five: Case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, content analysis, and phenomenological.Creswell, J. (2003) defines that how these methods meet different needs. â€Å"For instance, case studies and the grounded theory research explore processes, activities, and events while ethnographic research analyses broad cultural-sharing behaviors of individuals or groups. Case studies as well as phenomenology can be used to study individuals†. 3.4 Grounded theory approach: In recent times, grounded theory approach has been very popular among social researchers engaged with small-scale research. (Allan, G. 2003) Stated that â€Å"Grounded Theory is a powerful research method for collecting and analysing research data. It was ‘discovered by (Glaser Strauss 1967) in the 1960s†. (Williams, C. 2007) defines the approach as â€Å"Grounded theory research is the process of collecting data, analyzing the data, and repeating the process, which is the format called constant comparative method. The data can be obtained from several sources such as interviewing participants or witnesses, reviewing historical videotapes or records, observations while on-site†. According to (Glaser and Strauss 1967, p.237) cited in (Douglas, D. 2003). there are four requirements for judging a good grounded theory as follows. Fit (does the theory fit the substantive area in which it will be used?) We can say that it is difficult to fit grounded theory in our subject area because of data compulsions and varying defence expenditure of all countries in the world. Understandability (will non-professionals concerned with the substantive area understand the theory? Because of confusion in the coding method, it is difficult to understand for non-professionals. Generalisability (does the theory apply to a wide range of situations in the substantive area?) As there is no general model of defence expenditures and it depends on the peace and war conditions of every country. So we can conclude that it is difficult to generalize it.   Control (does the theory allow the user some control over the â€Å"structure and process of daily situations as they change through time?†) It can be concluded that one cannot implement this theory on daily changing situations; hence theory gives no control to its users. Grounded theory has many limitations/Criticism as follows: Allan, G. (2003) stated that â€Å"The technique of coding by using Micro-analysis of data is difficult because of two reasons: firstly, it is very time consuming. Secondly, this method led to confusion, when divide the data into individual words†. To scale the larger concepts by using grounded theory is much difficult. Another criticism pointed out by Allan, G. (2003) is that â€Å"Grounded theory is a lack of rigour due to careless interview techniques and the introduction of bias†. In coding procedure actual meaning of the data may lose or disconnected. It is difficult in grounded theory analysis to present a wide picture because it is detailed procedure Advantages and disadvantages of Qualitative research: Advantages of Qualitative Research Disadvantages of Qualitative Research Provides depth and detail Fewer people studied usually. Less easily generalised as a result. Openness can generate new theories and recognize phenomena ignored by most or previous researchers and literature. Difficult to aggregate data and make systematic comparisons. Helps people to see the world view of those studies their categories, rather than imposing categories, simulates their experience of the world. Dependent upon researchers personal attributes and skills (also true with quantitative, but not as easy to evaluate their skills in conducting research with qualitative). Attempts to avoid pre-judgments Participation in setting can always change the social situation (although not participating can always change the social situation as well). It allows the researcher to describe existing phenomena and current situations. It can be very subjective as the researcher often includes personal experience and insight as part of the relevant data thus making complete objectivity an impossibility. It is useful in examining the totality of a unit a holistic approach. It has a very low reliability in that it is extremely difficult to replicate a piece of qualitative research due to the fact that it does not have a structured design or a standardized procedure. It yields results that can be helpful in pioneering new ground. Research Methods (n.d) [online] Available at: http://www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.com/PDFs/200768.pdf 3.5 Mixed methods: Tashakkori, A. and Teddlie, C. (2003) â€Å"discussed the mixed methods approach to research, which emerged in the mid-to-late 1900s†. They argued that â€Å"with the mixed methods approach to research, researchers incorporate methods of collecting or analyzing data from the quantitative and qualitative research approaches in a single research study† (Johnson, R. B. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. 2004). Similarly, according to (Parse, R 2003) the â€Å"Qualitative and quantitative research approaches are different in their ontologies, epistemologies, and methodologies, yet there are also exists similarities in both. They are alike in that when conducted according to appropriate designs; both inquiry approaches answer research questions that arise from the researchers interests which are a reflection of beliefs and values. Also, both approaches elicit evidence that enhances understanding of the phenomena under study†. Thus in case of mixed methods; researcher collects and analyzes the statistical data as well as narrative data, which is norm for quantitative research and qualitative research respectively in order to address the selected research questions. (Johnson, R. B. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. 2004) opines that â€Å"the goal for researchers using the mixed methods approach to research is to draw from the strengths and minimize the weaknesses of the quantitative and qualitative research approaches†. (Williams, C. 2007) concluded that â€Å"the mixed methods approach to research provides researchers with the ability to design a single research study that answers questions about both the complex nature of phenomenon from the participantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ point of view and the relationship between measurable variables†. 3.6 Reliability and Validity The validity and reliability of numerical/statistical data is important to conclude efficient results. In this context (Leedy, P. and Ormrod, J. 2001) argues that â€Å"validity and reliability are important components that affect correlation coefficients†. To understand the meaning of reliability and validity, it is important to present the different definitions of reliability and validity as under. According to Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2007) reliability means â€Å"whether or not the results of a study are repeatable.† Similarly, Joppe, M. (2000 p.1 cited in Golafshani, N. 2003) defines reliability in quantitative research as â€Å"The extent to which results are consistent over time and an accurate representation of the total population under study is referred to as reliability and if the results of a study can be reproduced under a similar methodology, then the research instrument is considered to be reliable†. Miles, M. B., and A. M. Huberman (1994 cited in Meyer, C. B. 2001) stated that â€Å"Reliability focuses on whether the process of the study is consistent and reasonably stable over time and across researchers and methods. Joppe, M. (2000 p.1 cited in Golafshani, N. 2003) provides the explanation of what validity is in quantitative research as â€Å"Validity determines whether the research truly measures that which it was intended to measure or how truthful the research results are†. Similarly according to (Bashir, M., et. al. 2008) the â€Å"Validity in qualitative research means the extent to which the data is plausible, credible and trustworthy; and thus can be defended when challenged†. Meyer, C. B. (2001) writes that â€Å"The problem with the validity criteria suggested in qualitative research is that there is little consistency across the articles as each author suggests a new set of criteria†. And â€Å"the problem of reliability in qualitative research is that differences between replicated studies using different researchers are to be expected†. The purpose of validity and reliability of the information will be ensured in this piece of work through previous studies/reports and reliable data bases i.e. Sipri yearbooks data, HDI official site data, data from OECE publications, UN data base and data from India/Pakistan budget. 3.7 Triangulation ‘Triangulation is used in qualitative research to improve the validity and reliability which involve the use of more than one research technique within a single study. In this context Patton (2001 p. 247 cited in Golafshani, N. 2003) advocates the use of triangulation by stating â€Å"triangulation strengthens a study by combining methods. This can mean using several kinds of methods or data, including using both quantitative and qualitative approaches†. Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (1998) writes that â€Å"In order to overcome few problems, the researcher will use a mixture of data sources which is called as ‘data triangulation to provide alternatives to justification†. This will help to increase the scope, depth and consistency in methodological proceedings (Flick, U. 2002). There are several methods of triangulation as (Burns, R.B. 2000 p. 420) describes various triangulation methods like â€Å"Environmental Triangulation, Investigator Triangulation, Theoretical Triangulation and Combined level of Triangulation†. (Golafshani, N. 2003) stated that â€Å"Triangulation is typically a strategy (test) for improving the validity and reliability of research or evaluation of findings. (Mathison, S. 1988 p.13) elaborates this by saying that â€Å"Triangulation has risen an important methodological issue in naturalistic and qualitative approaches to evaluation [in order to] control bias and establishing valid proposi tions because traditional scientific techniques are incompatible with this alternate epistemology†. The employment of qualitative techniques with triangulation would help increase the validity and reliability of this piece of research where appropriate. Data Collection 3.8 Primary Data The primary data is the type of data which is collected by the researcher for the specific purpose of answering the problem on hand. In other words the data observed or collected directly from firsthand experience is called primary data. Primary data can be gathered by different methods i.e. communication, interacting with respondents, observation methods, surveys, interviews, or through questionnaire. David, A. et al. (2003) stated that â€Å"The main advantage of this type of data is that the data collected is for a specific purpose and tailored for the problem†. More so one can gather un- biased and original data from this method. The main disadvantages of this method are: it may be costly, raw data, huge volume of population, large volume of data and time consuming. Questionnaires Survey is the common method conduct to collect primary data. 3.9 Secondary Data Secondary data come from studies previously performed by government agencies, trade associations, chambers of commerce and other organizations. Secondary data can also be found in local libraries, on the Web, books, government publications, periodicals as well as electronic databases, magazines and newspapers, are also great sources of secondary data.   Good marketing research should always start with secondary data. This data and information that already exist (Naresh, K. M. et. al. 2006). One of the advantages of secondary data is that it is often cheaper than doing primary research. In this context Morgan, D.L. (1993) argued that â€Å"The advantages of secondary research is that it can be much quicker and cheaper to access, where many companies may not able to have the resources to carry the research†. Another advantage of the existing data is that its saves time. Gilbert A., Churchill, Jr. (1995) has written that â€Å"The most significant advantages of secondary data are the cost and time economies they offer†. 3.10 The Research Paradigm for this Study According to Anderson (2004), the research methodologies can be broadly classified in to two types i.e. positivist and interpretive. Keeping in view the nature of this research the suggested methodology to be adopted is an interpretive one, as the data collection will involve the recording of the human emotions and feelings rather than the statistics and number. Research methodology for primary and secondary data is as follows; 3.11 Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary Case study approach Adopting the case study approach to the research is very useful in this research study because conclusions based on data collected. This approach will reveal critical analysis  Ã‚   of recruitment and selection process as tool of diversity management .in the public sector organization in Pakistan, Yin (2002) suggests that the approach of case studies is very relevant if the researcher wants different sources of information not the single sources of information used to carry out the research. Thats exactly what this study attempts to achieve different aspects  Ã‚   of recruitment and selection process as a tool of diversity management in public sector organization in PakistanListen.Read phoneticall Dictionary View detailed dictionary 3.12 Approaching the organization and collection of data The main reason for choosing this topic is the fact that the author was an international student in London during the research. This allowed the author to carry out research on the public sector organization is one of the well known organizations in Pakistan, a country which belongs to the author. This allowed the author to conduct a comprehensive study on public sector organization. 3.13 Data Collection This is the second step in the search that once select the research problem has been chosen as the target organizations. William and Lisa (2006) states that the use of different sources to get data and the information from one approach was not discussed in an alternative approach. Two main sources of information primary and secondary data have been used to fulfill the requirements of this research.The main source of primary data for this study is represented in the interviews and questionnaires.Academic books, journals, articles magazines, newspapers, different libraries and electronic sources have been used including the British Library on the basis of secondary sources of information. 3.14 Primary Data The primary data of this research is represented in Questionnaires and Semi-structured interviews with HR manager, employees concerns human resources management and candidates to the  Ã‚   organisation. It is well known that the loss of respondents is high for questionnaires (Creswell, 1994). Therefore, it is important to clearly indicate the purpose of the interviews and the following questionnaire to participants before the interviews take place. 3.15 The Interviews An interview questions can be done in form of structured questions, already in place in advance or unstructured or semi-structured in-depth interviews are generally used. The advantages of interviews with concerns people that the interviewer can ask lots of questions, at the same time, questions may be more complex in nature because they can be cleaned with indistinctness during the course of the interview, however, also disadvantages, especially when the respondent is affected by the interviewer (Denscombe, 1998). This may be aspects of class, gender, race or other biases. In addition, the researcher could expect to be questioned about some of the interview and thus respond in this way consider ‘correct ‘or ‘acceptable. The general problems associated with the conduct of interviews, it is tedious (Hussey Hussey, 1997) Listen Read phonetically Dictionary View detailed dictionary Another way to conduct interviews by phone, the problem is that the answers are more penetrating and detailed than ever as is the case when they are interviewed in person. As is the case with personal interviews that the meeting has the potential to obtain responses from the highest quality possible to do so. Important when it comes to telephone interviews is that they must be limited in time. Additionally, questions can be quite complex due to difficulties in capturing the interest of respondents when it is not the situation facing. Advantages can be fast and cheap and the interview has the potential to clarify issues. To collect data for this study, face to face interviews and telephone interviews will be used. The interview with, HR managers and employees of the organization, everyone will be asked for their feedback in the process of recruitment and selection as a tool of diversity management evaluation. What are the main problems that employees face in this system? The interview will be conducted from HR manager and more than five employees of concern organisation Will better understand the Employee feedback their comments on the benchmarking process and what improvements can be made. Feedback from managers and employees to help understand the objectives of the recruitment and selection evaluation process and make changes to improve the process. 3.16 The Questionnaire At the end of interviews, questionnaires and the purpose of these questions will be given. This questionnaire consists of some of the biggest questions, divided into one part in several issues regarding recruitment and selection process as a tool of diversity management. What are the strategies and techniques are being used in concern department of human resources management to motivate and improve the process. In the end, respondents have the opportunity to write additional comments if they felt that something was overlooked during the interview or questionnaire. 3.17 Secondary Data The source of printing means of secondary data for this research articles, journals, academic books, magazines and concern organization website. There are many references to the British Library by the author. In addition, the library will be also used in the Kensington College of Business and online library of university of Wales as well. 3.18 Population/Sample size A total of seven interviews will be carried out to obtain primary data. Details of the interviews along with the important issues will be focused during the interviews are as under: Senior HR manager of the federal public service commission will be interviewed and acquired data accordingly for the purpose of this research. Candidates will be interviewed and nominations made by the Commission for various positions during the years 2004 to 2008. Gender-Wise distribution of Vacancies. Province / Region wise distribution of vacancies. Comparative Performance of Candidates from different regions and backgrounds. Gender wise marital status based configuration of candidates. Age group wise configuration of candidates. Educational background based configuration. Religion based configuration. Three interviews of the candidates registered with FPSC for the competitive examinations for induction into public services of Pakistan. Each of the three subjects represented male, female and non Muslim candidates representing their respective communities in the country.  Ã‚   Three interviews of the employees in public services of Pakistan. Each of the three subjects represented male, female and non Muslim employees representing their respective communities in the country.   Listen 3.19 Research Methodology Limitations: Being case study, the research has the limitations of the generalization i.e. the findings and results of the same will remain organisational specific. Hence, its application to other scenarios of the same nature may not sound reasonable. Furthermore, the consistency factor will be quite low, being based on personal observations and perspectives, therefore the repetition of the same study may not yield the same results. The reliability aspects will also be quite sensitive, as the employees are not likely to express their opinion in a candid manner against their organisation.

Essay examples --

The Not So Great Macbeth In â€Å"Macbeth† written by William Shakespeare the main character Macbeth is a general in the Scottish army. After Macbeth and Banquo another general return from battle they encounter three witches the witches give Macbeth and Banquo three Prophesies. The witches prophesy that Macbeth will be made thane (a rank of Scottish nobility) of Cawdor and eventually King of Scotland. They also prophesy that Banquo will produce a line of Scottish kings although Banquo will never become king himself. King Duncan’s men come to thank the two generals for their victories in battle and to tell Macbeth that he has been named thane of Cawdor. The previous thane betrayed Scotland by fighting for the Norwegians and Duncan has condemned him to death. Macbeth’s wife Lady Macbeth hears about king Duncan coming to their castle and try’s to persuade Macbeth to murder king Duncan. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncan’s two chamberlains drunk so they will black out; th e next morning they will blame the murder on the chamberlains, who will be defenseless, as they will remember nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and a number of supernatural visions, including a vision of a bloody dagger. Macbeth now becomes king and Fearful of the witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s heirs will seize the throne, Macbeth hires a group of murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. They ambush Banquo on his way to a royal feast, but they fail to kill Fleance, who escapes but kills Banquo. Lady Macbeth later kills herself while sleepwalking and Macbeth becomes depressed. Later Macduff comes with his army and beheads Macbeth. And Malcolm becomes king. In Shakespeare’s ... ...control his fate is when he goes to the witches and they show him a line of kings who all resemble Banquo, suggesting that Banquo’s sons will indeed be kings. â€Å" Thou art too like the spirit of Banquo. Down! Thy crown does sear mine eyeballs† (pg. 386) So Macbeths sends murders to go kill Bonquo and his son Fleance But they only kill Bonquo and his son Fleance escapes which means that he could still possibly become king and that angered Macbeth so that showed that Macbeth wouldnt let anything mess up his fate and that he is trying to control every aspect of it and that he would go to great lengths to control it. So all of those examples were of how Macbeth tried to seal his fate and just how far he would go to Control it but in the end like all things it came to an end and Macbeth really couldn’t do much at that point to control his fate and was beheaded by Macduff.

Bernie Madoff

In December 2008 Bernie Madoff was arrested under the suspicion of fraud. His Wall Street firm, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, was founded in 1960. Madoff was the chairman of this company through its entire existence until his arrest. Ponzi Schemes such as the one Bernie Madoff started at his company have been around for years; the first being Charles Ponzi’s scheme in the 1900’s. Madoff made history through his scheme as it is considered one of the largest financial frauds ever.Madoff pulled the fraud off by taking money from investors and charities, and promising huge returns. Huge returns are exactly what his investors received also. Madoff was able to miraculously make his investors’ money with continually high percentages. Investors flocked to Madoff after seeing such great profits being made by others. Madoff ran his fraud operation anywhere from 18- 48 years. According to him the first fraud performed started in 1990 whereas, others believe t he company could’ve possibly been illegitimate throughout its existence.How does a person trick thousands of people into investing in a fraud? An answer for that could be good leadership. Madoff’s clients were often times people he knew on a personal basis. Portraying a self-image that showed honesty, intelligence, and confidence, Bernie had his investors trusting him not only financially, but also on a personal level. Although his intentions were selfish, wrong, and ignorant, his followers trusted him fully. This allowed Madoff to continue his process of simply taking money from one investment and giving it as a payoff to another.A process so simple ended up causing thousands of people to be in debt. The totals of his fraud reach numbers upwards of $50 billion. The next question that comes to mind is: how do you take money from all these people and they never realize what is actually happening? Madoff’s general employees didn’t know that the company was a scam but his â€Å"specialized† group of employees did. (Several of the closer employees were also charged with crimes. ) These individuals were all separated from the rest of the company on their own floor.Inside the walls of this floor the company committed its fraud. After the reports were calculated, employees were told to change the reports to a more satisfying result for the investors to see. The reports were sent with false information, often times having interest rates above 15%. Although these rates kept the investors, it brought attention of others after their returns weren’t coming back as high. Even when it wasn’t plausible for the investments to make hardly any money his investors were continually seeing these high interest rates.Some felt obligated to notify the SEC during times like this but his company was always covering its tracks and the SEC often didn’t feel like the allegations were worth any pursuit what-so-ever. Fortunately Madoff had to pay the price for his crime. Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison in March 2009 after pleading guilty. As for the investors they were left with close to nothing. Some of the wealthiest in the United States were completely empty handed after the scandal surfaced. The government bailed out some of the investors but the numbers didn’t compare to what investors lost.A master in deception, Bernie seemed trustworthy to the public and always delivered calm, collected responses to all questions of a scam whenever people began to question the legitimacy of the business as early as 1998. The SEC also questioned Bernie a few times where he was never suspected by them to be a serious threat. Although Bernie had several characteristics of a good leader and business owner, it was all in vain due to his lack of ethical standards. Nobody can consider him a good leader or a good person after seeing his true plan for his investors.Madoff did apologize for his actions; saying, â €Å"I cannot adequately express how sorry I am for what I have done. † Madoff indeed can’t express this now. Whenever someone as powerful as Madoff once was comes forward admitting such information, it’s assumed that the public isn’t going to have much sympathy. Madoff set a new example for anyone trying to develop a scam. Most operations such as his don’t make it nearly as far as his. The mind set of these scam artists is to eventually turn the business legitimate or get out somehow.In order to make the business legitimate a person has to make enough money to pay off all the people they owe money to first which is impossible when you have a hole like Madoff did. When Ponzi schemes like this run their track it’s like a snowball effect. Madoff wasn’t technically any closer to the top as anyone trying a Ponzi scheme; he was just rolling a bigger snowball. Questionable leadership characteristics for Bernie Madoff would mostly be ethics b ut others would include: Lack of respect for employees and investors, greed, arrogance, and irresponsibility.His ethics problem is clearly seen by the fact of intentionally betraying thousands of people. His lack of respect includes not only putting his staff in danger of losing their jobs because of him but also because several investors (who sometimes had the confidence to invest all their money with him) lost their life savings thanks to Madoff. Greed was obviously one of Madoff’s downfalls as well, due to the massive amount of money he dealt with every day in his crimes.Arrogance shows with the note of him constantly being in contact with several of his investors and it not causing any problem with him because he thought he was unstoppable in his scam. Lastly, irresponsibility is outlined with every step of his process as he was trusted and didn’t feel it necessary to do what he was saying he was doing with the people’s money. These bad characteristics are w hat led to the fall of Bernie Madoff. It’s unknown how long Madoff spent performing this scheme but if he told the truth about the scam starting in 1990 it’s a shame.To have as much as Madoff had in 1990 would make most people ecstatic, and to see him blow all his honest lifetime earnings and business position just to pull off a Ponzi scheme must be one of the most ridiculous ideas ever constructed. To look at where Mr. Madoff could’ve been if he would’ve been less greedy and used his good leadership skills for good; Bernie might be one of the great business leaders to go down in history. Going down in history that way would really be a blessing to him now and probably more valuable than any amount of money.If there was only one thing to learn from the Bernie Madoff story it is that, without ethics no leader is worth following. To become a good leader you have to have people trust you. Madoff did have people trust him for a long period of time but his lie s caught up to him and now all his legacy holds is a bad reputation. If leader is ethical and good to the people he or she is leading then there won’t be a situation like Madoff’s which ended in total abomination. Works Cited â€Å"Scam of the Century: Bernie Madoff & The $50 Billion Heist. †Ã‚  CNBC. com. Cnbc, n. d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013. Bernie Madoff In December 2008 Bernie Madoff was arrested under the suspicion of fraud. His Wall Street firm, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC, was founded in 1960. Madoff was the chairman of this company through its entire existence until his arrest. Ponzi Schemes such as the one Bernie Madoff started at his company have been around for years; the first being Charles Ponzi’s scheme in the 1900’s. Madoff made history through his scheme as it is considered one of the largest financial frauds ever.Madoff pulled the fraud off by taking money from investors and charities, and promising huge returns. Huge returns are exactly what his investors received also. Madoff was able to miraculously make his investors’ money with continually high percentages. Investors flocked to Madoff after seeing such great profits being made by others. Madoff ran his fraud operation anywhere from 18- 48 years. According to him the first fraud performed started in 1990 whereas, others believe t he company could’ve possibly been illegitimate throughout its existence.How does a person trick thousands of people into investing in a fraud? An answer for that could be good leadership. Madoff’s clients were often times people he knew on a personal basis. Portraying a self-image that showed honesty, intelligence, and confidence, Bernie had his investors trusting him not only financially, but also on a personal level. Although his intentions were selfish, wrong, and ignorant, his followers trusted him fully. This allowed Madoff to continue his process of simply taking money from one investment and giving it as a payoff to another.A process so simple ended up causing thousands of people to be in debt. The totals of his fraud reach numbers upwards of $50 billion. The next question that comes to mind is: how do you take money from all these people and they never realize what is actually happening? Madoff’s general employees didn’t know that the company was a scam but his â€Å"specialized† group of employees did. (Several of the closer employees were also charged with crimes. ) These individuals were all separated from the rest of the company on their own floor.Inside the walls of this floor the company committed its fraud. After the reports were calculated, employees were told to change the reports to a more satisfying result for the investors to see. The reports were sent with false information, often times having interest rates above 15%. Although these rates kept the investors, it brought attention of others after their returns weren’t coming back as high. Even when it wasn’t plausible for the investments to make hardly any money his investors were continually seeing these high interest rates.Some felt obligated to notify the SEC during times like this but his company was always covering its tracks and the SEC often didn’t feel like the allegations were worth any pursuit what-so-ever. Fortunately Madoff had to pay the price for his crime. Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison in March 2009 after pleading guilty. As for the investors they were left with close to nothing. Some of the wealthiest in the United States were completely empty handed after the scandal surfaced. The government bailed out some of the investors but the numbers didn’t compare to what investors lost.A master in deception, Bernie seemed trustworthy to the public and always delivered calm, collected responses to all questions of a scam whenever people began to question the legitimacy of the business as early as 1998. The SEC also questioned Bernie a few times where he was never suspected by them to be a serious threat. Although Bernie had several characteristics of a good leader and business owner, it was all in vain due to his lack of ethical standards. Nobody can consider him a good leader or a good person after seeing his true plan for his investors.Madoff did apologize for his actions; saying, â €Å"I cannot adequately express how sorry I am for what I have done. † Madoff indeed can’t express this now. Whenever someone as powerful as Madoff once was comes forward admitting such information, it’s assumed that the public isn’t going to have much sympathy. Madoff set a new example for anyone trying to develop a scam. Most operations such as his don’t make it nearly as far as his. The mind set of these scam artists is to eventually turn the business legitimate or get out somehow.In order to make the business legitimate a person has to make enough money to pay off all the people they owe money to first which is impossible when you have a hole like Madoff did. When Ponzi schemes like this run their track it’s like a snowball effect. Madoff wasn’t technically any closer to the top as anyone trying a Ponzi scheme; he was just rolling a bigger snowball. Questionable leadership characteristics for Bernie Madoff would mostly be ethics b ut others would include: Lack of respect for employees and investors, greed, arrogance, and irresponsibility.His ethics problem is clearly seen by the fact of intentionally betraying thousands of people. His lack of respect includes not only putting his staff in danger of losing their jobs because of him but also because several investors (who sometimes had the confidence to invest all their money with him) lost their life savings thanks to Madoff. Greed was obviously one of Madoff’s downfalls as well, due to the massive amount of money he dealt with every day in his crimes.Arrogance shows with the note of him constantly being in contact with several of his investors and it not causing any problem with him because he thought he was unstoppable in his scam. Lastly, irresponsibility is outlined with every step of his process as he was trusted and didn’t feel it necessary to do what he was saying he was doing with the people’s money. These bad characteristics are w hat led to the fall of Bernie Madoff. It’s unknown how long Madoff spent performing this scheme but if he told the truth about the scam starting in 1990 it’s a shame.To have as much as Madoff had in 1990 would make most people ecstatic, and to see him blow all his honest lifetime earnings and business position just to pull off a Ponzi scheme must be one of the most ridiculous ideas ever constructed. To look at where Mr. Madoff could’ve been if he would’ve been less greedy and used his good leadership skills for good; Bernie might be one of the great business leaders to go down in history. Going down in history that way would really be a blessing to him now and probably more valuable than any amount of money.If there was only one thing to learn from the Bernie Madoff story it is that, without ethics no leader is worth following. To become a good leader you have to have people trust you. Madoff did have people trust him for a long period of time but his lie s caught up to him and now all his legacy holds is a bad reputation. If leader is ethical and good to the people he or she is leading then there won’t be a situation like Madoff’s which ended in total abomination. Works Cited â€Å"Scam of the Century: Bernie Madoff & The $50 Billion Heist. †Ã‚  CNBC. com. Cnbc, n. d. Web. 27 Jan. 2013.

The relationship that Romeo and Juliet have with their parents throughout the play Essays

The relationship that Romeo and Juliet have with their parents throughout the play Essays The relationship that Romeo and Juliet have with their parents throughout the play Paper The relationship that Romeo and Juliet have with their parents throughout the play Paper which were ‘swallowed’ up, leaving Juliet his lone heiress to the empire. Juliet does not fear of the concept of marriage as she refers to it as an ‘honour’ and wants consent from her parents as to whether she may or may not fall in love. This portrays a lesser knowledge about love proving her ‘sheltered life’. Nurse seems to know and appreciate a lot more about Juliet and both have gained a full trust for each other, this is shown when Juliet confines in the nurse about her secret marriage with Romeo. Their relationship is shown in Act 3. Scene 5, in the 1977 Zefferelli film, When Juliet hides behind the nurse while in a ‘quarrel’ with her father. Zefferelli has used strong body language to determine the different relationship Capulet family. In Act3. Scene 5, Capulet contradicts himself by ordering Juliet to marry Paris, whilst in Atc1 he tells Paris to wait because his ‘child is yet a stranger in the world’. This could be because of Tybalt’s abrupt death, causing the younger generation of the empire to decrease. Capulet is portrayed to be the leading role of the family is this scene. This is shown in the Zefferelli directed film, when Capulet hots Lady Capulet when she tells him that he is being irrational. The nurse also tries to calm Capulet, and when fails she takes sides with Capulet. Juliet becomes angry, betrayed and feels that she has no hope but to die. However, Capulet still does not relent to Juliet’s incessant explanation of her ‘hate’ for marriage to Paris. In Act 4. Scene 5, Capulet seems hasty towards his ‘child’s’ death. His language is calm and well structured. He uses descriptions of her ‘blood’ being ‘settled’ and relating her death to ‘night’. This seems more like a verse from one of Romeo’s sonnets than someone who’s lost his only daughter. Capulet, while morning for his daughter’s death, he seems just as disappointed that Juliet has missed her marriage and rhetorically asks why the ‘murder’ of ‘our solemnity’ had to happen. Lady Capulet shows true disappear for her daughter’s death by repeating, ‘she’s dead’ as if she cannot take the reality in. Her hurried and simplistic language portrays a troubled and caring mother, the opposite to Lord Capulet’s emotions for the death of his daughter. Romeo’s relationship with his own parents have mixed similarities to the relationship Juliet shares with her parents. As Juliet has her ‘good nurse’ Romeo has ‘Friar Lawrence’ to whom he refers to as ‘father’. This is because Friar Lawrence knows more about Romeo than Lord Montague, then Romeo’s real father. Lord and Lady Montague play a lesser role in the play of Romeo and Juliet. They are not involved with their son’s life and stay ‘away’. When Romeo is having troubles, as they cannot find out the reason of his ‘grivence’, for there is a lack of communication between them. Shakespeare portrays Romeo’s parents as being scared of having a parental relationship with Romeo. Neither of them know how to approach him as they are fearful of being rejected by their emotional son. They worry for Romeo and ’pray’ he isn’t at any of the ‘frays’, which keep the two families at conflict with each other. This portrays a concern and a sense of parental care for Romeo, yet they do not know whether he was at the fray or not†¦ making the reader think that Romeo and his parents do not spend a great deal of time together. They only know that Romeo has been seen with ‘tears’ or has ‘locked’ himself in his room which is a common sign for a teenager in love. Yet his parents do not acknowledge that this is the case. Lord and Lady Montague do not pursue the affair of their troubled son, but leave it in the hands of Romeo’s good cousin Benvolio, who is determined to know of his ‘grievance’. This is a strong reason why Friar Lawrence who thinks of Romeo as his pupil, plays such a significant part in Romeo’s life; he is close by to give constellation, to be a friend and to confess unjust sins. Romeo has a great deal of respect for Friar Lawrence, therefore his opinions and ideas are greatly considered by Romeo. When Friar Lawrence thought that marrying Romeo and Juliet would ‘turn your households to rancour and pure love’, he was not thinking about Romeo’s true feelings for Juliet. Friar already has suspicions that Romeo did not love Rosaline and clearly states that ‘Young men’s love then lies, not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes’. They only good that Friar Lawrence sees in Romeo and Juliet’s relationship is the end of the two households feud. When Romeo was in need of help after he has killed Tybalt, The Friar uses his unwavering optimism to make the best of the situation and vows to stay in contact with Romeo once he has been banished, showing that Friar Lawrence is looking out for Romeo’s best interest and wants to help him stay optimistic. Both Romeo and Juliet do not confine with their parents, and they know that their love will not end the family feud. In sixteenth century Verona, a child’s duty to their parents was more than just giving respect. Parents would be in full charge of their children, and the father would overpower any argument. This is shown in Act 3. Scene 5 when Juliet is forced to marry someone she does not love. In conclusion, the distant relationships between Romeo and Juliet and their parents lead them to seek other parental care. Friar Lawrence and the nurse both cared for Romeo and Juliet’s well being and helped them whenever they could. This lead, unfortunately, to the unfortunate death of the ‘star-crossed lovers’. I believe that Shakespeare did not want his audience to feel that the families were to blame for their painful deaths. Many people have assumed that fait have played a powerful part in this play. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet taught both of the parents that life is too precious to live in a state of fear towards their enemy and especially towards their children.

Futurism essays

Futurism essays MOVEMENT: FUTURISM (Futurismo Italian) Futurism was an international art movement founded by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in Italy. Futurists were heavily influenced by Geometric abstracts, Machine art and Aeropittura ( aero-painting). However, the style that was responsible for Futurisms flair was Cubism. Futurists used Cubist geometric forms and intersecting planes combined with complementary colours to provide the basis for their artworks. Many 20th Century art movements influenced by Futurism include: - Art Deco (aka Art Moderne or the Jazz Style) Artists influenced by Futurism include: Despite the fact that Futurism is now regarded as extinct, many principles that Marinetti supported echo in Japanese culture and surface in manga/anime and also in the film works of Shinya Tsukamoto. Futurism also managed to manifest itself into literature, theatre and music. These manifestations grew onto clothing fashions, cuisine and even childrens toys. The aims of Futurism was to emphasize dynamism, speed, energy and the power of the machine and the vitality, change and restlessness in modern life in general terms. The name Futurism coined by Marinetti, reflected on his opinion of discarding what he conceived to be the static and irrelevant art of the past and celebrating change, originality and innovation in culture and society. Marinettis manifesto glorified in the new technology of the automobile and the splendor of its speed, power and movement. He encouraged violence and conflict and called for the sweeping repudiation of traditional, cultural, social and political values as well as the destruction of historical and cultural institutions such as academies, museums and libraries. The manifestos rhetoric was pretentious; its tone was aggressive and inflammatory and was purposely intended to inspire public a...

Contingent Workforce Planning at Motorola, Inc Case Study

Contingent Workforce Planning at Motorola, Inc - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that a company where contingent workers are responsible for the usual staff and form inter-corporate culture comes up. This significantly results in increased activity and contingent labor influence, which leads to the insecurity of the employment relationship. Despite the Motorola is an international company working in more than 70 countries worldwide, it is affected by the same human resource problems. The modern companies use contingent workers. Initially, the company’s human resource system was based on the transactional relationships between different staffing and recruiting firms. The firms were responsible for the staff selection and making contracts in the market. Consequently, this approach had many problems that related to a lack of coordination and staff management. There was also a lack of common corporate contingent labor plan sourcing, a disparity between the contingent workers pay rate and that of the company’s fu ll-time workers and high costs of sourcing. Among the Motorola Company’s problems, there are two main ones: the first one is associated with the company’s business activities cycle. This required a certain degree of flexibility of the staff’s number. The second problem relates to the high cost of the previous staff recruitment scheme, which involved a great number of staffing companies and agencies. There are some facts that affect the problems and issues at the Motorola Company. Recruitment of contingent employees is a modern tendency in big companies and Motorola is a no exception. The trend of hiring temporary workers has reasons, and as earlier mentioned, this trend is due to the cynical nature of the industry. This requires the flexibility of staffing.

Marbury v. Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marbury v. Madison - Essay Example In the confusion of changing from the Adams administration to the Jefferson administration Marbury’s commission was not delivered. Madison, following Jefferson’s orders, did not deliver the commission but withheld it from Marbury because he was a Federalist. The commission was signed by Adams and all was in order except the commission was not delivered. Marbury was denied his commission and prevented from becoming a Justice of the Peace in Washington. At the time of the Jefferson administrations refusal to deliver the commission to Marbury the Supreme Court had been appointed but was a relatively weak institution. John Marshall (a Federalist and cousin to Jefferson) was the Chief Justice and was appointed by Adams during his administration. Although Jefferson was Marshall’s cousin, both disagreed greatly when it came to politics. Jefferson was a Democratic Republican while Marshall was a Federalist. So, it was assumed that when Marbury brought his case to the Supreme Court he would receive a ruling that, influenced by a Federalist, would benefit him. William Marbury did bring his case directly to the Supreme Court and requested a ruling that included a Writ of Mandamus which forces a government official to follow through with official duties and, in this case, deliver the commission. Marshall was in a tough predicament as he needed to deliver a fair ruling but knew that the Supreme Court had little power. Jefferson could have possibly ignored a ruling that did not benefit his administration further degrading the power of the Supreme Court. Marshall was tasked with answering three questions (from Supreme Court Cases: The Dynamic Court): With these questions in mind Marshall deliberated with the court and then delivered the unanimous ruling of the Court. The ruling was given on February 24th of 1803. The ruling concluded that Jefferson and Madison were wrong in denying Marbury the commission as Marbury had a right to the job as

Construction Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Construction Proposal - Coursework Example It is a formal, written document that describes the context and scope of an organization's marketing effort to achieve defined goals or objectives within a specific future time period. Before making a marketing plan, Parish Council will have to make a market plan questionnaire by which they will be able to know about their own position or capability to do the project. While Parish Council searching for information on a topic, it is important to understand the value of both primary and secondary sources to do the work accordingly. The PEST analysis has proven to be a flexible and easy to understand tool in the context of strategic planning or marketing planning as well. PEST Analysis can be used here which stands for political, economical, socio-cultural, and technological factors. The aim of any SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieve the objective of an organization. It implies any organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportu nities, and threats. The mix of five 'P' implies Price, Product, Place, Promotion and People in our marketing recipe. Marketing plan implementation is the "how" component of marketing strategy. It is also known as operations plan. Components that are important in implementation include: Marketing structure, Marketing strategy, Leadership, Human resources, Organizational resources, and Organizational systems. Parish Council may have to face some challenges to implement the plan. After evaluating their business planning, it can be said that the business plan was good enough to build up a BMX Track. In spite of having few inconsistencies or problems, this plan may bring success for Parish Council if it would be implemented accordingly. Task 2: During 1980 in Chile the pioneer of BMX development was Mr. VINCENZO CASCINO. He started getting organized in 1980 and founded the C.B.X. - Comision Nacional de Bicicross. The center of development was Las Condes, inside Santiago de Chile. Ending 1980 there were about 350-license. A group of enthusiasts was in the progress of starting a club in the city of Apeldoorn in Holland. Becoming a section of the already bicycle club, they planned a track to be built inside a velodrome! January 21st. Promotional meeting in Beek & Donk (Holland), final result was that on January 28th a club was formed officially. The city of Beek & Donk already had promised building a new track to be ready sometime April 1980. Paul & Bart de Jong from elders were one of the first members of this clubs and their father became the club's secretary. The number of BMX brands extended during this year of ending 1980: NBL / NBA - USA St. Fietscross Nederland - Holland UK Bicycle Motocross Association - Great Britain Federation Francaise de Bicrossing - France Federation of Belgium Bicrossing - Belgium Japan BMX Association - Japan1 Ingatestone is a village in Essex, England. It has a population of 3400 people. To the immediate north lies the village of Fryerning, and the two form the civil parish of Ingatestone and Fryerning. Ingatestone and Fryerning Parish Council were formed in 1895, following the passing of the Local Government Act in